Class IX Science

Chapter - 2 Is Matter Around Us Pure

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science

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In page question - Page 15
Q 1.

What is meant by a pure substance?

Ans.

A pure substance is the one that consists of a single type of particles, i.e., all constituent particles of the substance have the same chemical nature. Pure substances can be classified as elements or compounds.

In page question - Page 15
Q 2.

List the points of differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.

Ans.

A homogeneous mixture is a mixture having a uniform composition throughout the mixture. For example: salt in water, sugar in water, copper sulphate in water A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture having a non-uniform composition throughout the mixture. For example: sodium chloride and iron fillings, salt and sulphur, oil and water

In page question - Page 18
Q 1.

Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures with examples.

Ans.

A homogeneous mixture is a mixture having a uniform composition throughout he mixture. For example, mixtures of salt in water, sugar in water, copper sulphate in water, iodine in alcohol, alloy, and air have uniform compositions throughout the mixtures.

On the other hand, a heterogeneous mixture is a mixture having a non-uniform composition throughout  the mixture. For example, composition of mixtures of sodium chloride and iron fillings, salt and sulphur, oil and water, chalk powder in water, wheat flour in water, milk and water are not uniform throughout the mixtures.

In page question - Page 18
Q 2.

How are sol, solution and suspension different from each other?

Ans.

Sol is a heterogeneous mixture. In this mixture, the solute particles are so small that they cannot be seen with the naked eye. Also, they seem to be spread uniformly throughout the mixture. The Tyndall effect is observed in this mixture.

For example: milk of magnesia, mud

Solution is a homogeneous mixture. In this mixture, the solute particles dissolve and spread uniformly throughout the mixture. The Tyndall effect is not observed in this mixture.

For example: salt in water, sugar in water, iodine in alcohol, alloy

Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures. In this mixture, the solute particles are visible to the naked eye, and remain suspended throughout the bulk of the medium. The Tyndall effect is observed in this mixture.

For example: chalk powder and water, wheat flour and water

In page question - Page 18
Q 3.

To make a saturated solution, 36 g of sodium chloride is dissolved in 100 g of water at 293 K. Find its concentration at this temperature.

Ans.

Mass of solute (sodium chloride) = 36 g (Given)

Mass of solvent (water) = 100 g (Given)

Then, mass of solution = Mass of solute + Mass of solvent

= (36 + 100) g

= 136 g

Therefore, concentration (mass by mass percentage) of the solution

 

In page question - Page 24
Q 1.

How will you separate a mixture containing kerosene and petrol (difference in their boiling points is more than 25°C), which are miscible with each other?

Ans.

A mixture of two miscible liquids having a difference in their boiling points more than 25°C can be separated by the method of distillation. Thus, kerosene and petrol can be separated by distillation

 

In this method, the mixture of kerosene and petrol is taken in a distillation flask with a thermometer fitted in it. We also need a beaker, a water condenser, and a Bunsen burner. The apparatus is arranged as shown in the above figure. Then, the mixture is heated slowly. The thermometer should be watched simultaneously.

Kerosene will vaporize and condense in the water condenser. The condensed kerosene is collected from the condenser outlet, whereas petrol is left behind in the distillation flask.

In page question - Page 24
Q 2.

Name the technique to separate

(i) butter from curd

(ii) salt from sea-water

(iii) camphor from salt.

Ans.

(i) Butter can be separated from curd by centrifugation.

(ii) Salt can be separated from sea-water by evaporation.

(iii) Camphor can be separated from salt by sublimation.

In page question - Page 24
Q 3.

What type of mixtures is separated by the technique of crystallization?

Ans.

By the technique of crystallization, pure solids are separated from impurities. For example, salt obtained from sea is separated from impurities; crystals of alum (Phitkari) are separated from impure samples.

In page question - Page 24
Q 4.

Classify the following as chemical or physical changes:

• cutting of trees,

• melting of butter in a pan,

• rusting of almirah,

• boiling of water to form steam,

• passing of electric current, through water and the water breaking down into hydrogen and oxygen gases,

• dissolving common salt in water,

• making a fruit salad with raw fruits, and

• burning of paper and wood.

Ans.

 Cutting of trees → Physical change

 Melting of butter in a pan → Physical change

 Rusting of almirah → Chemical change

 Boiling of water to form steam → Physical change

 Passing of electric current through water, and water breaking down into hydrogen and oxygen gas → Chemical change

 Dissolving common salt in water → Physical change

 Making a fruit salad with raw fruits → Physical change

 Burning of paper and wood → Chemical change

In page question - Page 24
Q 5.

Try segregating the things around you as pure substances or mixtures.

Ans.

Pure substance: Water, salt, sugar etc.

Mixture: Salt water, soil, wood, air, cold drink, rubber, sponge, fog, milk, butter, clothes, food.

Chapter end exercise
Q 1.

Which separation techniques will apply for the separation of the following?

(a) Sodium chloride from its solution in water.

(b) Ammonium Chloride from a mixture containing Sodium Chloride and

Ammonium Chloride.

(c) Small pieces of metal in the engine oil of a car.

(d) Different pigments from an extract of flower petals.

(e) Butter from curd.

(f) Oil from water.

(g) Tea leaves from tea.

(h) Iron pins from sand.

(i) Wheat grains from husk.

(j) Fine mud particles suspended in water.

Ans.

(a) Crystallization or Evaporation.

(b) Sublimation.

(c) Centrifugation or Sedimentation.

(d) Chromatography.

(e) Centrifugation.

(f) Separating funnel.

(g) Hand-picking.

(h) Magnetic separation.

(i) Winnowing.

(j) Centrifugation.

Chapter end exercise
Q 2.

Write the steps you would use for making tea. Use the words - solution, solvent, solute, dissolve, soluble, insoluble, filtrate and residue.

Ans.

Take the solvent, water, in a kettle. Heat it. When the solvent boils, add the solute, milk. Milk and water forms a solution. Then pour some tea leaves over a sieve. Pour slowly hot solution of milk over tea leaves. Colour of tea leaves goes into solution as filtrate. The remaining tea leaves being insoluble remains as residue. Add requisite sugar which dissolves and the tea is ready.

Chapter end exercise
Q 3.

Pragya tested the solubility of three different substances at different temperatures and collected the data as given below (results are given in the following table, as grams of substance dissolved in 100 grams of water to form a saturated solution).

 

(a) What mass of potassium nitrate would be needed to produce a saturated solution of potassium nitrate in 50 grams of water at 313 K?

(b) Pragya makes a saturated solution of potassium chloride in water at 353 K and leaves the solution to cool at room temperature. What would she observe as the solution cools? Explain.

(c) Find the solubility of each salt at 293 K. Which salt has the highest solubility at this temperature?

(d) What is the effect of change of temperature on the solubility of a salt?

Ans.

(a) At 313 K,

Potassium nitrate for saturated solution of 100 grams of water = 62 g

∴ Potassium nitrate for saturated solution of 50 grams of water = 31 g

(b) Some amount of dissolved Potassium Chloride will reappear as undissolved solid as solubility of solute decreases with the decrease of temperature.

(c) Solubility of each salt at 393 K are as follows:

 Potassium nitrate 32

 Sodium chloride 36

 Potassium chloride 35

 Ammonium chloride 37

Ammonium chloride salt has the highest solubility at this temperature.

(d) Solubility of salt increases with the increase in temperature.

Chapter end exercise
Q 4.

Explain the following giving examples.

(a)Saturated solution,

(b)Pure substance,

(c) Colloid,

(d)Suspension.

Ans.

(a) Saturated Solution: A solution in which no more of the solid (solute) can be dissolved at a given temperature is called a saturated solution. Suppose 50 gm of a solute is the maximum amount that can be dissolved in 100 gm water at 298 K. Then 150 gm of solution so obtained is the saturated solution at 298 K.

(b)Pure Substance: A pure substance consists of a single of matter or particles and cannot be separated into other kind of matter by any physical process. Pure substances always have the same colour, taste and texture at a given temperature and pressure. For example, pure water is always colourless, odorless and tasteless and boils at 373 K at normal atmospheric pressure. 

(c) Colloid: Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures the particle size is too small to be seen with a naked eye, but it is big enough to scatter light. The particles are called the dispersed phase and the medium in which they are distributed is called the dispersion medium. Colloids are useful in industry and daily life. A colloid has the following characteristics:

 It is a heterogeneous mixture.

 The size of particles of a colloid lies between 1 - 100 nm and cannot be seen by naked eyes.

 The particles of colloid can scatter a beam of light passing through it and make the path visible.

 The particles of colloid cannot be separated from the mixture by filtration. The process of separation of colloidal particles is known as ‘centrifugation’.

 They do not settle down when left undisturbed. In other words colloids are quite stable e.g. smoke, milk, fog, cloud etc.

 

(d)  Suspension: A ‘suspension’ is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the bulk of the medium. A suspension has the following characteristics:

 It is a heterogeneous mixture.

 The size of particles of a suspension is greater than 100 nm and is visible to naked eyes.

 The particles of suspension can scatter a beam of light passing through it.

 The particles of a suspension settle down when left undisturbed.

 The particles of a suspension can be separated from its mixture by filtration.

Chapter end exercise
Q 5.

Classify each of the following as a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture: soda water, wood, air, soil, vinegar, filtrated tea.

Ans.

Homogeneous mixture - soda water, air, vinegar, filtered tea.

Heterogeneous mixture - wood, soil.

Chapter end exercise
Q 6.

How would you confirm that a colourless liquid given to you is pure water?

Ans.

Every liquid has a characteristic boiling point at 1 atmospheric pressure. If the given colourless liquid boils exactly at 373 K at 1 atmospheric pressure, then it is pure water. If the boiling point is different, then the water is contaminated. 

Chapter end exercise
Q 7.

Which of the following materials fall in the category of a ‘pure substance’?

(a)Ice

(b)Milk

(c) Iron

(d)Hydrochloric acid

(e) Calcium oxide

(f) Mercury

(g)Brick

(h)Wood

(i) Air.

Ans.

(a), (c), (d), (e) and (f) are pure substances.

Chapter end exercise
Q 8.

Identify the solutions among the following mixtures.

(a)Soil

(b)Sea water

(c) Air

(d)Coal

(e) Soda water.

Ans.

Solutions among the following mixtures.

(b) Sea water

(c) Air

(e) Soda water.

Chapter end exercise
Q 9.

Which of the following will show “Tyndall effect”?

(a)Salt solution

(b)Milk

(c) Copper sulphate solution

(d)Starch solution.

Ans.

(b) and (d) are colloids and will show Tyndall Effect.

Chapter end exercise
Q 10.

Question 10:

Classify the following into elements, compounds and mixtures.

(a) Sodium

(b) Soil

(c) Sugar solution

(d) Silver

(e) Calcium carbonate

(f) Tin

(g) Silicon

(h) Coal

(i) Air

(j) Soap

(k) Methane

(l) Carbon dioxide

(m) Blood

Ans.

Elements - sodium, silver, tin, silicon.

Compounds - calcium carbonate, methane, carbon dioxide.

Mixtures - soil, sugar solution, coal, air, soap, blood.

Chapter end exercise
Q 11.

Which of the following are chemical changes?

(a) Growth of a plant

(b) Rusting of iron

(c)  Mixing of iron filings and sand

(d) Cooking of food

(e)  Digestion of food

(f) Freezing of water

(g) Burning of a candle.

Ans.

Following are Chemical changes.

(a) Growth of a plant

(b) Rusting of iron

(c)  Cooking of food

(d) Digestion of food

(e)  Burning of a candle.

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